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动词的时间和时态应用广泛性探究
作者:陈毕寅 发表时间:2015年12月04日 浏览量:87 分享到空间
动词的时间和时态应用广泛性探究
关键词: 动词 时间 时态 应用广泛性
与动词相关的知识点很多,包括动词及动词短语的辨析,时态和语态,非谓语动词,情态动词与虚拟语气,主谓语一致,祈使句,倒装句和反意疑问句等。在高考题型(特别是单项选择)中与动词相关的题量多达6—8 小题, 占据了整个单项选择的一半左右,足以见其重要性。这一部分内容既是语法教学的重点和难点,对于学生来说也是失分点。然而在教学过程中,传统的课堂和大部分教师习惯性地把这些语法项目分开来处理,希望以"逐个击破"的方式来解决,但是效果往往不如人意.随着考题的灵活多变,会有很多的干扰性和迷惑性的信息影响学生正确答题。此外经常会出现将两个或两个以上的语法点结合起来考查,这时学生就会茫然不知所措,一不小心或考虑不周就会掉进”陷阱”而误选, 给学生带来很大的困扰。
如何更加有效的解决这类问题呢? 根据多年的跟踪和探究,笔者认为,除了单纯的动词词义辨析和动词短语辨析外,绝大部分与动词相关的语法项目都与时间和时态有着密切的关系。因此在做这类题时可以以此为突破口,第一步要判断空格动词发生的时间,第二步由时间决定空格动词的时态或相关形式。具体情况列举如下:
一 时间与时态
在考题设置中,有的时候情景直接提供时间状语或时间状语从句, 有时情景提供的是时间陷阱,有时情景并没有直接提供任何时间信息,需要学生根据情景来判断分析。如:
【例1 】(2013安徽高考)I’m calling about the apartment you ______ the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
A advertised B had advertised
C are advertising D will advertise
【例2 】(2014陕西高考)During his stay in Xi’an, Jerry tried almost all the local food his friends_____.
A would recommend B had recommended
C have recommended D were recommending
在次2题中,学生能够从情景中直接找到时间状语the other day和During his stay in Xi’an, 从而可以直接确定时态和答案:1A ,2B.
【例3 】(2014安徽高考)The twins , who _____ their home work ,were allowed to play badmintom on the playground..
A will finish B finish
C have finished D had finished
【例4 】(2014山东高考)Writing our all the invitation by hand was more time –consuming than we_______.
A will expect B are expecting
C expect D had expected
【例3 】【例4 】中并没有直接提供时间状语,而是要求学生根据情景来判断空格处动词发生的时间,以及与其他动词之间是否有先后关系,从而圈定答案:3D 4D.
【例5 】(2009四川高考)--You speak very good French!
--Thanks. I ______ French in Sichuan University for four years.
A studied B study C was studying D had studied
【例6 】(2012江西高考)--Look! Somebody _____ the sofa.
---Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.
A is cleaning B was cleaning
C has cleaned D had cleaned
【例7 】(2012江西高考)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ____.
A has started B starts C started D will start
此3题中虽然提供了时间状语或所谓的关键词,学生在【例5 】中容易因for four years而误选完成时态,【例6 】中学生会第一眼看到--Look!后毫不犹豫的选择进行时态。【例7 】中学生很可能因为when he quits than when he而误选B或D。 这三例题中都存在“陷阱”,学生做题时不能凭直觉或第一印象,而需要克服定势思维,认真分析语境,不可被命题者所迷惑。(5A,6C,7C)
二 时间、时态与语态
高考中经常会出现同一个语境中同时考查时态和语态,要求学生在分析时间和时态的同时,判断主动还是被动。如:
【例8 】(2013北京高考)--So what is the procedure?
----All the applicants _____ before a final decision is made by the authority.
A interview B are interviewing
C are interviewed D are being interviewed
【例 9】(2014天津高考)We won’t start the work until all the preparations _______.
A are being made B will be made
C have been made D had been made
【例10 】(2013重庆高考)A Midsummer Night’s Dream_______ at the Theater Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.
A opens B is opened C will open D will be opened
【例8 】【例 9】根据情景暗示的时间确定时态后,还要判断出动词都含有被动语态(8C.9C)而【例10 】中除了判断时间和时态外,还有主动形式表示被动含义的用法因而选A.
三 时间、时态、语态与非谓语动词
非谓语动词也有时间、时态、语态问题,现将规律总结如下:
非谓语动词 |
形 式 |
意 义 |
不定式 |
一般式 to do |
与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词后 |
进行式 to be doing |
谓语发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行 |
|
完成式 to have done |
发生在谓语动词之前 |
|
动词-ing 形式 |
一般式 doing |
与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生 |
完成式 having done |
发生在谓语动词之前 |
非谓语动词 |
形 式 |
意 义 |
不定式 |
to be done |
被动、将来 |
to have been done |
被动、发生在谓语动词之前 |
|
动词-ing 形式 |
being done |
被动、进行 |
having been done
|
被动、发生在谓语动词之前
|
|
过去分词 |
done |
被动、完成或无时间性 |
【例 11】(2014福建高考)_______The past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong , Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A Spending B Spent C Having spent D To spend
【例 12】(2012 重庆高考)_____ to work overtime that evening , I missed a wonderful film.
A Having been asked B To ask
C Having asked D To be asked
【例 13 】(2014江西高考)______ by beautiful green mountains and located at the foot of Mount Lu makes it a famous tourist attraction .
A Surrounded B Being surrounded
C Having been surrounded D surrounding
【例 11】中空格的动作发生在第二个动词appears 之前, 而且为主动故选完成时的C项。【例 12】中空格的动作也发生在第二个动词missed之前,且为被动,故选A项。 【例 13 】中空格的动词做主语,且含有被动,故不可选A、D,也不强调先后关系从而排除C, 因此选B项。
四 时间、时态与情态动词
情态动词的用法中也有时和时态问题,表示现在或将来的动作用情态动词+do 的形式, 表示过去的动作用情态动词+have done 的形式。如:
【例14】(2014江西高考 )When I was a child, I ______ watch TV whenever I wanted to.
A should B could C must D need
【例 15】(2013辽宁高考 )Harry is feeling uncomfortable . He _____ too much at the party last night.
A could drink B should drink
C would have drunk D must have drunk
【例16】(2011全国高考卷1 )They _____ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
A will B can C must D should
此3题的共同点为空格处动词的动作发生的时间都在另一个动作之前,故都适用于情态动词+have done 的形式。由此可确定答案:14 B. 15 D. 16 D. 此类结构适用于以下情况:
情态动词+have done |
用法 |
must have done |
一定做过某事,其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t have done |
can/could have done |
1.本来能够做但却未做 2.可能做过某事 |
can’t/couldn’t have done |
不可能做过某事 |
may/might have done |
或许/可能做过某事 |
should/ought to have done |
本该做但却未做,其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了 |
needn’t have done |
做了本没有必要做的事情 |
五 时间、时态与虚拟语气
根据时间的不同,虚拟语气可分为对现在、过去和将来的假设。时间不同,时态和形式也不相同。其中混合条件句和含蓄条件句更需要学生先判断空格处动作发生的时间,其时间决定了时态或结构。如:
【例17 】(2014 湖南高考 )If Mr. Dewey _______ present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
A were B had been C should be D was
【例 18 】(2014 盐城一模 )If you ______ that film last night , you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A didn’t see B haven’t seen
C wouldn’t have seen D hadn’t seen
【例 19 】(2014 常州一模 )---I didn’t watch the program Where Are You Going, Dad ? yesterday. ----I ________, either, if my father hadn’t reminded me .
A wouldn’t B didn’t C wouldn’t have D hadn’t
【例 20】(2012辽宁高考)Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he ____ something instead of just talking .
A will do B has done C do D did
【例17 】中根据主句的结构would have offered可以判断出从句的时间也为过去故选B 。【例 18 】中从句的时间已经提供为last night, 而主句的时间则为现在,因而选D项。【例 19 】中根据yesterday可以确定时间为过去时,但是学生容易误选A,B或D项,此句可以通过补充C项的结构为 wouldn’t have watched 来敲定C项。【例 20】中为固定句型,有It’s high time可知此句是对现在的虚拟,故选D 项。
六 时间、时态、语态与主谓一致
主谓一致考查的不仅是主语和谓语单复数一致的问题,也会同时考查时间、时态、和语态的用法。如;
【例21 】(2011 安徽高考 )The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials , the rest of which_____ saved for other purposes .
A is B are C was D were
【例22 】(2013福建高考 )The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo .
A were invited B was invited
C have been invited D has been invited
【例21 】中可以先根据谓语动词used来确定时间为过去,从而排除A,B. 然后根据定语从句的先行词materials可确定为复数的D项。【例22 】中由2012可知时间为过去时而排除C,D. 然后根据as well as his students前的主语The famous musician可选B项。
七 时间、时态与倒装句
倒装句中同样可能会考查到时间和时态。做题时学生同样需要根据情景先判断时间,后确定时态和是否倒装、如何倒装。如:
【例23 】(2014陕西高考)No sooner_____ stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
A had Mo Yan B Mo Yan had
C has Mo Yan D Mo Yan has
【例24 】(2013辽宁高考 )At no time______the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them.
A they actually broke B do they actually break
C did they actually break D they had actually broke
【例25 】(2014湖南高考)Only when you can find peace in your heart______ good relationship with others .
A will you keep B you will keep
C you keep D did you keep
【例23 】中由No sooner…than结构可确定空格动词应该是过去完成时因而排除C,D. 然后由句首的否定结构No sooner引导倒装而选A项。【例24 】中由第二句中的was确定时间为过去时,进而排除B,D, 然后由句首的否定词At no time引导倒装可确定C项。
【例25 】中由when you can find peace的时间状语从句可判断主句为将来,故可以排除C,D , 然后由句首的Only引导倒装最终选C项。
八 时间、时态与反义疑问句
反义疑问句往往会在主从复合句中出现前后时间,时态或形式不一致的情况,这时学生需要擦亮眼睛去选择。如:
【例26 】(2011重庆高考)I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did,_______ ?
A could he B didn’t I C didn’t you D could they
【例27 】(2014重庆高考)--- I spent two weeks in London last summer. ------ Then you must have visited he British Museum during your stay, ______ you?
A mustn’t B haven’t C didn’t D hadn’t
【例26 】中主句谓语动词为told,一般过去时,从句谓语动词为could,因此反义疑问句应该与主句保持一致,故选B项。【例27 】中第一句提供了时间last summer,但是学生容易因为第二句中的must have visited而误选A,B或 D项。此处要提醒学生注意的是must have visited表示猜测时,反义疑问句要根据实际的时间last summer来确定,故选C项。
九 固定结构
有一些含有固定结构的时态题,想要迅速定位要根据该句型选用正确的时态。如:
【例28 】(2013陕西高考 )Jim _________ a late –night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank .
A watched B had watched
C was watching D would be watching
【例 29 】(2012湖南高考 )Close the door of fear behind you, and you _______ the door of faith open before you .
A saw B have seen C will see D are seeing
【例30 】(2009陕西高考 )This is the first time we__________ a film in the cinema together as a family .
A see B had seen C saw D have seen
此三题都含有固定结构,【例28 】的句型为was/were doing…when;【例 29 】为祈使句故选C项;【例30 】为This is the first time…have done 句型。
总之,动词相关的语法项目并非孤立的,动词的语态,非谓语动词,情态动词,虚拟语气,主谓一致,祈使句,倒装句和反意疑问句等都与时间和时态存在着必然的联系,掌握了这一规律就可以以时间和时态为做题突破口,轻松识破陷阱,信心十足,游刃有余!