倒装句小结
段仁广
倒装句是高考必涉及的语法项目,或在单选里,或在短文里。但对于同学们来说模模糊糊,似懂非懂。其实,稍加小结,便会发现很简单。
倒装,是相对正常语序(主+谓)来说的,即谓语或谓语的一部分放在主语前面(注意:倒装这一语法现象不必考虑宾语)。
从功能上,倒装有两种情况
一. 语法倒装
即句子语法上的需要。如:
①He can speak English.
→Can he speak English?
②We love our country.
→Do you love your country?
二. 语意倒装
即为了强调某部分而形成的倒装。
如:
The bus comes here.
→Here comes the bus (强调Here)
一般情况下,我们所说的倒装即指语意上的倒装。
从结构上看,倒装可分为两种:
一. 全部倒装(即全部谓语都置于主语的前面)
1. 为强调there、here、up、down、in、away等副词而把它们置于句首。如:
① A pretty girl came out.
→Out came a pretty girl.
② The students went away.
→Away went the students.
③ A gentleman came down.
→Down came a gentleman.
注:如句子中主语是代词,则不用倒装。如:
① Here you are.
② Away they run.
2. neither、or和so倒装.
So意为“也”,Neither.Or意为“也不”位于句首时,用全倒装.如:
① She is a student,so am I.
② She has finished her job ,so has Tom.
③ She likes reading, so does Mary.
同理,以上句子可用否定形式换成:
① She is not a student ,neither am I.
② She has not finished her job ,nor has Tom.
③ She does not like reading ,nor does Mary.
3. 为了保持句子平衡,或为了强调表语或状语,用全部倒装.
① The days when we lived in Canada are gone.
→Gone are the days when we lived in Canada.
② A cat lies under the table.
→Under the table lies a cat.
4. 在so…that…句型中分两种情况
① 当so所修饰的是表语形容词时,为了强调“so…”部分,用全部倒装.如:
The old man was so moved that he could say nothing.
→So moved was the old man that he could say nothing.
② 如果so所修饰的是状语部分,则用部分倒装(部分倒装下文将有详细说明)
He speaks English so clearly that he can always make himself understood.
→So clearly does he speak English hat he can always make himself understood.
二.部分倒装
即只是谓语的一部分放在主语前面.如果谓语只是一个实义动词,则需要借助于助动词do、does或did等.
1. only所修饰的状语(only+状语)放在句首时,用部分倒装.如:
① You can learn English well only in this way.
→Only in this way can you learn English well.
② I realized that he was wrong only then.
→Only then did I realized that he was wrong.
注:only修饰其他成分即使位于句首也不可倒装.如:
Only I can go there.
2. 含有否定意义的副词、词组或连词置于句首,用部分倒装.如seldom、never、little、not、hardly、by no means、in no time、not only…but also、hardly…when…等.
① We shall never forget our maths teacher.
→never shall we forget our maths teacher.
② He knew little about his own mistake.
→Little did he know about his own mistake.
③ He did not realize he failed until the result came out.
→Not until the result came out did he realize he failed.
④ The city was not only polluted but the people were unpolite.
→Not only was the city polluted but the people were unpolite.
⑤ He has harly begun to speak when the teacher stopped him.
→Hardly had he begun to speak when the teacher stopped him.
注:not until后接从句时,主句用部分倒装,从句不倒装;而not only…but also…引导两个分句时,前一个分句用部分倒装,后一个分句不倒装。
3. though和as引导让步状语从句,意为“尽管”,通常把从句中状语、表语或动词提前(若表语是名词,其前一般不加冠词)
① Try as I might ,I could not bring him here.
② Young as/though she is , she knows much.
③ Woman as she is ,she is courageous.
4. so…that…结构用于部分倒装中(上文已叙述)
5. 当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had、were或should等时,可把它们置于句首,同时if必须省略。
①If I were you,I would work hard.
→Were I you ,I would work hard.
②If I had attended the meeting yesterday,I would have met Jim.
→Had I attended the meeting yesterday,I would have met Jim.
总之,经过梳理归纳,复杂的知识形成了一个个体系,难的知识就变的容易了。