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让步状语的特殊形式
作者:段仁学 发表时间:2015年12月11日 浏览量:26 分享到空间
让步状语的特殊形式
摘要:英语功能语法从结构、语义和表达三个层面对英语语言的具体应用做了深入的分析,并对词汇、习语和句型等的社会交际功能进行了了全面和系统的解释。
关键词:让步状语 句型 谚语 成语 分词短语 形容词 介词短语 副词 连词
英语中的让步状语从句通常由连词although、though、as、while、even if(though)以及whether...or...、 no matter+wh_疑问词和疑问词wh_+ever来引导,但还有很多特殊形式的让步状语。这些形式的让步状语由一些特殊句型、成语、短语和词汇等体现出来,在平时的学习中很容易被忽视。
一、有些形容词可做让步状语
(1) Right or wrong, he always come off worst in an argument because of his inability to speak coherently.
无论有理还是无理,由于他语言条理欠佳总是把事情弄得最糟。
(2)Wet or fine, he gets up at six and took a walk in the park.
不管天晴还是下雨,他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。
二、有些副词可以表示让步
1. granted 用以肯定某事物属实,然后提出相反的论据。例如
Granted,it's a splendid car, but have you seen how much it costs!
2 . anyway相当于anyhow,是“无论如何;即使如此;至少”的意思。例如:
It's too late now,anyhow. 无论如何现在已经太迟了。
3. Indeed 有“当然、固然”的意思,在句中有让步的意义。例如:
The elite university is indeed difficult to enter, but I am sure the real excellent students can be admitted.
那所名牌大学固然难考,但我相信真正优秀的学生是完全可以考上的。
4. naturally 有“当然、必然”的含义,可引导让步状语。例如:
Naturally, as a beginner I'm not a very good driver yet.
我初学开车,当然开不好了。
5. nevertheless 含有“虽然如此、然而、依然”的意思,可以表示让步。例如:
He is often rude to me, but I like him nevertheless.
他时常对我粗鲁无理,但我还很喜欢他。
三、有些连词和连词词组可以引导让步状语
1. if(=even if)含有“即使;纵然”的意思,用于承认某事可能属实或可能发生。例如:
(1) If he said that, he didn't expect you to take it personally.
即使他是那样说的,他也并不是针对你个人而言的。
(2) Even if you saw him pick up the money, you can't be sure he stole it.
就算你看见是他拾起的钱,你也不能断定钱就是他偷的。
2. however可以用作连词,意为“无论以何种方式;不管怎样”,表示让步。例如:
However I approached the problem, I couldn't find a solution.
这一问题我不管怎样都无法解决。
3. if any、if anything 、if at all 和if ever也可表示让步的意义,通常伴有little、 few和seldom等否定词。例如:
(1) There are few, if any, mistakes in the book.
那本书里即使真有错误,也不多.
(2) Living together didn't harm our friendship. If anything it strengthened it.
在一起住并没有损害我们的友谊。要说真有什么的话,它反而巩固了我们的友谊。
(3) Meat was available once a week if at all.
就算有肉,也是每周才吃一次。
(4) Andy seldom, if ever, dined out.
安迪到外面去吃饭,即使有几次,也是极少的
4. Whereas 是个连词,含有“然而、而”的意思,可以表示让步。例如:
Styles remain the same, whereas fashions change.
无论时装潮流如何变化,时装款式是不会变化的。
5. 连词or可以表示除首项事物之外的选择关系,含有“或者、还是”的意思,可以表示让步。例如:
I'll buy you a present, money or no money.
无论是有钱还是没钱,我都要给你买一件礼物。
四、有些介词和介词短语接宾语可以表示让步
1. “with(without)+独立结构”在句中做状语时,有时可以表示让步。例如:
With all her faults, he still liked her.
尽管她有那么多缺点,可我还是喜欢她。
2. for all 意为“尽管、虽然”,可引导让步状语。例如:
For all his wealth and fame,he is a very lonely man.
他虽然又有钱又有名,但很孤独。
3. after all意为“毕竟、终究、别忘了”在特定的上下文或特定的语境中,可以表达或隐含让步意义。例如:
He have gone through too many hardships, and eventually, he succeeded after all.虽然他经历了太多的艰难困苦,但他毕竟还是成功了。
4. despite、in spite of 意为:“尽管、不管、不顾”,可引导让步状语。例如:
(1) They had a wonderful holiday, despite the bad weather.
尽管天气不好,他们还是过得极为愉快。
(2)They went out in spite of the rain.尽管下着雨,他们还是出去了。
5. notwithstanding 含有“尽管;虽然”的意思,亦可用于其所指名词之后,可以表示让步。例如:
(1) Notwithstanding a steady decline in numbers, the school has had a very successful year.
尽管学校人数持续减少,但该校这一年仍很成功。
(2) Language difficulties notwithstanding, he soon grew to love the country and its people.
虽然语言不通,他还是很快就爱上了这个国家及该国人民。
五、有些分词短语可做让步状语
(1) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
被告诉了很多次,他仍旧犯同样的错误。
(2) Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
尽管遭到很多人的嘲笑,他仍然坚持他的研究。
(3) Badly wounded, he continued to fight.
尽管受了重伤,他仍然坚持战斗。
六、英语中还有为数不少的成语表让步
1. at any rate,表示“无论如何”。如:That's one part of the job done at any rate.不管怎么说,这个工作已经做了一部分了。
2. at any cost,at all costs,都表示“不惜任何代价”,“不管怎样”。如: We must at all costs prevent them from finding out about the plan.我们无论如何不能让他们探知这个计划。
3. at all events,in any event,都表示“无论如何”,“不管怎样”。如: In any event, the worst that she can do is say 'no'.不管怎样,她大不了就是说个'不'字。
4. at any risk,at all risks,都表示“无论冒什么危险”,“无论如何”。如: It must be done at any risk.不管冒什么危险都得做。
5. at that,表示“尽管如此”。如: The new textbook was hard to understand,but at that he enjoyed it.新教材难懂,尽管那样他还是喜欢读它。
6. for(all)the world,for worlds都表示“无论如何(不),决(不)”,常用于否定句。如: I wouldn't sell that picture for all the world. 我无论如何也不卖那幅画。
7. for anything,表示“无论如何(不),决(不)”。如: I wouldn't leave you for anything.我无论如何也不会离开你。
8. in any case表示“无论如何”,如: I think I told him to do it,but in any case he should have seen for himself that it was necessary.我想我已经告诉他去办了,不过,不管怎样,他自己也应该看出那是需要去办的。
9. in any way,表示“无论如何”,“在任何情况下”。如: He is not in any way to blame for this.此事无论如何不能怪他。
10. none the less,表示“虽然……仍”。如:It's not cheap but I think we should buy it none the less. 这个虽然不便宜,但我觉得我们还是应该买。
11. All/just the same 表示“尽管如此;仍然”,如:He's not very reliable, but I like him just the same.
七、几个特殊结构的让步状语从句
1. “Be+主语+ever so形容词”意为“无论怎样……”
Be a man ever so clever, he knows nothing if he doesn't learn.
无论一个人有多聪明,不学习就什么都不知道。
2. “Be+主语+A or B”意为“无论是A或B”
Be he friend or enemy, the law regards him as a criminal.
无论他是敌是友,法律认为他是罪犯。
3. “动词+wh_词+will/may”意为“无论”
Come what may, we must remain cheerful.
无论发生什么事,我们必须保持愉快的心境。
八、“the + 形容词最高级”修饰作句子主语的名词
这种结构有时可以表示“让步”的意味,常译成“即使最……人或物”。例如:
(1) The shortest cut could take us five hours to get there.
即使走捷径也要五小时才能到那里。
(2)The richest man in the world cannot buy everything.
即使是世界上最富有的人也无法买到一切。
(3) The most careful driver will probably have an accident.
即使是最谨慎的驾驶员也可能会出事故。
九、that用于倒装句
that在从句中放在不加冠词的、表示某种特性的作表语的名词之后,含有让步的意思,相当于as。例如:
(1) Child that(as) he was, he had to make a living.
尽管他还是个孩子,但不得不自己谋生。
(2) Woman that(as) she is, she is courageous.
虽然她是个女性,但她非常勇敢。
十、并列分句表达让步意义
But、yet、however、still等连接的并列句,通过两个分句的语意对比,用于言及即成事实时表示转折,可以体现让步的意义,它可以使前后关系更加明确。一般地前一分句表示让步的意义,后一分句则表示与前一分句相反的结果。可译为“虽然…但是…”、“尽管…”、“然而(可、还是、却)…”。例如:
(1) She cut her knees badly, but didn't cry.
她弄伤了膝盖,但是并没有哭。
(2) She trained hard all year yet still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练,然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
(3) You won't move that stone,however strong you are.
不管你力气多大,也休想搬动那块石头。
(4) He's treated you badly; still, he's your brother and you should help him.
他待你很不好,但他终归是你的兄弟,你应该帮助他。
And连接的两个并列句,也可表达让步,至于哪个分句表达让步意义,要视其上下文分析判断,试比较:I cannot keep these trees alive, and I have watered them well. 尽管一直细心浇水,可还是没法使这些树成活。She tried hard in the new experiment and she failed. 尽管在实验中她努力地工作,可还是失败了。Every year 90 million people are inspired to get involved to do something with their time and they don't know how.
十一、有些定语从句、时间状语从句和地点状语从句可转译为让步状语从句
1. 英语的定语从句如果在意义上具有表明主句让步的含义,在翻译的时候可将从句译为让步的意义,并转译成汉语相应的从句,更能表达原文的意思。例如:
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.
本句由两个层次组成,一个是主句“Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture.”从句是:“which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.”这句话中有明显的连接词“but”,这里我们只能将“which”译为“虽然”。译文:移民很快适应了这种共同的文化,这虽然总体上算不上是振奋人心,却几乎毫无害处。
2. 有些时间状语从句可以表示让步,句中的“when”应该翻译成“既然、考虑到”。例如:
How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television?
他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了,还能学什么东西呢?
3. 有些地点状语从句具有让步的含义。例如:
Unfortunately, where we should expect gratitude we often find the opposite.
遗憾的是,虽然我们应该受人感激,但是常常适得其反。
十二、英语有很多含让步的谚语
1. It is a +形容词+单数可数名词+that+谓语动词
(1) It is a good horse that never stumbles.
再好的马也会失踢。
(2) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
再恶的风也不会吹得人人不舒服。/天下无绝对的坏事。
(3) It's a wise man that never makes mistakes.
智者千虑,必有一失。
(4) It is a bold mouse that nestles in the cat's house.
再勇敢的老鼠也不会在猫的耳朵里安家。(做不必要的冒险算不得真勇敢。)
翻译时应注意以下三点:
句中的形容词设定为让步条件,可译为“再……也……”。
‚That句子的含义是肯定要译为否定,反之要译为肯定。
ƒ此类句子常用于谚语中,表示一定的哲理,句中的动词一般为现在时,有时也用将来时或完成时。
2. 由“too…to…”构成的含让步的谚语:
(1) It is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。
(2) It's never too late to mend. 亡羊补牢,时犹未晚。
参考资料:
牛津高阶英汉双解词典第四版增补本 商务印书馆 牛津大学出版社
郭凤高主编 英语语法实践指南(第四版) 复旦大学出版社 2005
L.G亚历山大 朗文英语语法(M)外语教育与研究出版社 1991
章振邦 新编英语语法教程(M)上海外语教育出版社,1995