细节理解题的常见分类和答题技巧

一、常见分类

事实细节的理解，是高考英语阅读理解题型中的重头戏。这类题主要考查考生对文章中某一特定事实信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括“语意转换题”和“信息归纳题”两大类。这类题主要是以who，what，which，when，where等来提问的，也有少数题用how或why设问。

1. 语意转换题与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。例如：

【例题】（2013山东卷）59. How did Jimmy feel on hearing the interviewer’s question?
A. He was sorry for the other applicants      .             B. There was no hope for him to get the job.

C. He regretted helping the old man.                  D. The interviewer was very rude.

【解析】答案B。此题是细节题，出自文章第三段第一个问号之后，“Jimmy’s heart sank”，Jimmy的心沉了下去，表明他以为自己失败了。heart sunk的言外之意便是“绝望（no hope）”。

2. 信息归纳题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，立足于原文信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系进行整理得出结论。这类试题的正确答案是用精练的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息二获取的。例如：

【例题】（2013安徽卷）60. Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater? 

A. Using river water.          B. Throwing batteries away. 

C. Paving parking lots.        D. Throwing rubbish into lakes.

【原文】You may wonder how paving (铺砌) a road can lead to less usable fresh water . A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.

   【解析】原文细节较为零散：既提到了paving a road可以影响地下水的量，又提到了我们的日常用水和地下水的来源，然后把roads和parking lots并列。综合第一句和最后一句可以确认答案是C项。

二、解题步骤

1. 迅速定位

根据“题文同序”的原则，即试题的排列顺序和原文的行文顺序一致这个原则，通过寻读法，缩小范围。 用题干或选项中的关键词在文中搜寻，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置。

【例题1】（2013全国新课标卷I）69. Where are Leonardo da Vinci’s works shown?

A. In the East Wing.                                                       B. In the main West Wing.   

C. In the Sainsbury Wing.                                               D. In the North Wing.

【解析】答案B。这篇应用文共分四部分：Description，Layout，Opening Hours和Getting There。根据题干关键词Leonardo da Vinci的搜索，在Layout的第二部分寻找答案。Opening hours和Getting there从标题上就可确认与本题设问无关。

【例题2】（2013山东卷）66. For what purpose did Belyacv create the lampbrella?
A. To predict a heavy rain                         B. To check the weather forecast
C. To protect people from the rain              D. To remind people to take an umbrella

【原文】You can’t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet. That’s why he created lampbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.

【解析】答案C。这是阅读理解C篇的第一小题，按照段落顺序应该对应第一或第二自然段。从设问题干中的for what可以看出，询问的是这种路灯设计的“目的”的。由That’s why…可知上句提供了答案的依据：设计师是为了人们不被雨淋而设计的这种路灯。

2. 去伪存真

  细节题对信息筛选能力要求较高。在确定题干关键词以后，要对原文内容进行定位，确定有效信息。然后对干扰项进行排查，在原文和选项的互相印证中确立正确答案。

【例题】（2013江苏卷）59.The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates _____.

A. the necessity of patience in queuing                      B. the advantage of modern technology

C. the uncertainty of allocation principle                   D. the fairness of telephonic services

【原文】Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply. Think of the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling your bank: “Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.” This is essential for the morals of the queue. It’s as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness.

   But don’t take the recorded message too seriously. Today, some people’s calls are answered faster than others. Call center technology enables companies to “score” incoming calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places. You might call this telephonic queue jumping.

【解析】答案C。第四段首句说明了适用规则的不确定性，第五段首句又说不要太把这个事例当一回事。由此可以看出适用规则的“不确定性”。A项所说的排队耐心等待的必要性与这两段描述的内容不符；B项阐述的现代科技的优势不是作者叙述的重点；这两段谈及了电信服务的时效性和优质服务，并未涉及其公平性问题，因此D项也不正确。

3. 原文验证

   有些记叙文情节复杂，涉及的人物或场景较多，还有些说明文或科普短文所叙述的事情或阐明的道理离我们的日常生活较远。这种情况下凭借我们的记忆能力答题会出现一些疏忽。建议在初步选定答案后，在原文相应的段落或句子中再次确认答题依据。

【例题1】（2013全国新课标卷I）60. The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s _____.

A. sense of hearing        B. sense of sight            C. sense of touch           D. sense of smell

【原文】They baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警觉). Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully…..

【解析】答案B。从这一段的She stares at it carefully一句可以看出，研究人员给婴儿看了一张卡片，而婴儿仔细地盯着它，谈到了“视觉”。但是，这一段还出现了quiet，place，replace，change，present和tell等动词，需要逐一验证。

【例题2】（2013江西卷）57. Why did Jack tell Tom and Martin the story?

       A. To frighten them.                                         B. To satisfy their curiosity.

       C. To warn them of the danger of the place.       

D. To persuade them to camp in the swamp.

【原文】The light from the campfire brightened the darkness, but it could not prevent the damp cold of Dennis’s Swamp (沼泽地) creeping into their bones. It was a strange place. Martin and Tom wished that they had not accepted Jack’s dare. They liked camping, but not near this swamp.

       “So,” Martin asked as they sat watching the hot coals. “How did this place get its name?”

       “Are you sure you want to hear it? It’s a scary story,” warned Jack.

       “Of course!” cried out Tom. “If there were anything to be scared of, you wouldn’t have chosen this place!”

       “OK, but don’t say I didn’t warn you,” said Jack, and he began this tale….

【解析】答案B。这一段文字比较零散，一开始营造的语境有些令人恐惧和担心，并且反复出现了damp cold，scary，cry，warn这类单词。给我们的感觉似乎Jack说故事的目的是吓唬或警告Tom和Martin。实际上，那两个孩子此时并没有害怕，而是很有兴趣听Jack说故事。如果过分依赖常识或断章取义，就可能误选A或C项。