一:何为倒装?
英语最基本的词序“主语部分+谓语部分+其他成分”
如果把谓语动词放在主语前面,这就叫做倒装。
将谓语动词完全移至主语之前,称为完全倒装;
如果只是把be动词,助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,称为部分倒装。
二:倒装的原因
1)由于一定语法结构的需要,如疑问句:
Have you known Mr. Davis long?你认识戴维斯先生很久了吗?
Where have you been?你刚才到哪里去了?
或者为了避免头重脚轻,如:
Gone are the days when
we had nothing to eat.
2)由于强调,如:
Never have I heard such a funny story.我从来没听过这样有趣的故事。
Only then did I fully understand what my father said.只有到那时,我才充分理解我父亲讲的话。
三:全部倒装
1. 表示方向,地点和时间的词 in, out,
down, up, off, back, away, over there, there, now, then, here, first等放于句首,若主语是名词而不是代词时,则完全倒装。
Here comes the bus!
There goes the bell!
Now comes your turn.
注意:如果句子的主语是代词,则不能使用倒装结构。如:
Here it comes! / There it goes!
2.有些动词短语以副词out,in,up,down,away等结尾,构成不及物动词短语。这时,为了使句子更形象,常将这些副词提前到句首。这时,句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面,构成全部倒装。
如:
Up went the rocket.
注意,这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词,也不能使用倒装结构。
如:
Up it went.
3.“表语+系动词+主语”置于句首,且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如:
Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat.
Many and long were the
conversations they held through the prison way.
4.so/neither/nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者,其倒装结构为“so/neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语”(so表示肯定意义,neither/nor表示否定意义)。如:
She has finished her homework,so has her brother.
She hasn’t gone there, neither/nor has he.
(但如果so表示强调, 即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时,其结构是“so+主语+助动词/系动词/情态动词”,这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如:
She knows little English,so she does. 她英语懂得不多。她的确如此。)
四:部分倒装
1.用于疑问句中。如:
How did you do that﹖
Did you see the film yesterday﹖
2.用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略,应把were, had,should提到主语前面。如:
If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him.
→Had you come yesterday, you would
have seen him.
3.用于as引导的让步状语从句中。as引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式:
1) 副词置于句首。如:
Much as I like it (=Although I
like it very much), I will not buy it.
2) 动词原形置于句首。如
Wait as you may(=Although you may wait),
he will not see you.
3) 形容词或名词置于句首。如:
Proud as the nobles are (=Although the nobles are proud), they are afraid
to see me.
Child as he is (=Although he
is a child), he can tell right from wrong.
(注意:如果名词前有形容词修饰时,as 引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如:
A bad-tempered man as he is (=Although he is a bad-tempered man), he loves me
deeply.)
4.具有否定意义的副词或连词(not,hardly,no sooner, not until,
seldom,not once,at no time,by no means, on no
condition, in no case, nowhere, never,little等) 置于句首时,句子(主句)采用部分倒装。如:
Little do we know about him.
No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.
Seldom does he come back on Sundays.
Not until he came back did I know about it.
5.not only…but also… 连接两个并列分句时,第一个分句应使用部分倒装。如:
Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with
their lessons.
hardly…when, no sooner…than,
not…until引导的句子,hardly, no
sooner, not until 位于句首时,主句用部分倒装
Not until the teacher
came in did the students stop talking.
No sooner had the game
started than it began to rain heavily.
6.so…that结构中的倒装。有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词,常将so连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时,主句要用倒装结构。如:
He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others.
→So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others.
He is so clever that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book.
→So clever is he that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book. (全部倒装)
7. only 修饰状语时
“only + 状语/状语从句” 位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。
Only in this way can you
solve this problem.
Only here can you find
such kind of plant.
8. may 表示祝愿时用部分倒装
May you succeed!
May you have a nice
trip!
9. 表示“也(不)。。。。” 的句式
表示一种情况适用于两者或一者同时具备两种情况时可用“so/neither/nor
+ 助动词/情态动词/be + 主语” 倒装形式。
My father is a teacher
and so is my mother.
She has been to New York
and so have I.
I don’t like it; neither
do I care.